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Hippocampal memory encoding and retrieval
==Introduction==
The hippocampus participates in the encoding and retrieval of memories. 〔 The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe (subcortical), and is an infolding of the medial temporal cortex. 〔Gazzaniga, Michael S., Richard B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun. "Chapter 9: Memory." Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2014. 378-423. Print.〕 The hippocampus plays an important role in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory during encoding and retrieval stages. These stages need not occur successively, but are, as studies indicate, broadly divided in the neuronal mechanisms they require or even in the hippocampal areas they activate. According to Gazzaniga, “encoding is the processing of incoming information that creates memory traces to be stored.”〔 There are two steps to encoding: acquisition and consolidation. During acquisition, stimuli are committed to short term memory.〔 Consolidation is where the hippocampus along with other cortical structures stabilize an object within long term memory, a process strengthening over time and one for which a number of theories have arisen to explain. 〔 After encoding, the hippocampus is capable of going through the retrieval process. The retrieval process consists of accessing stored information; this allows learned behaviors to experience conscious depiction and execution.〔 Encoding and retrieval are both affected by neurodegenerative and anxiety disorders and epilepsy.
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